/LING
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Lista de candidatos sometidos a examen:
1) vowel (*)
(*) Términos presentes en el nuestro glosario de lingüística
1) Candidate: vowel
Is in goldstandard
1
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt289 - : In all the sources that describe Chibchan languages with only one low vowel phoneme, the symbol /a/ is used to represent it. It is almost always explicitly classified as central, which is probably due to its most common pronunciation. A phonetic unrounded central vowel would normally function as [+BACK] phonologically, but phonological patterns in the language could indicate the contrary. Unfortunately, most current descriptions of Chibchan phonology and phonetics are not elaborate enough to provide this kind of details. Because of this uncertainty, I leave low vowel phonemes unspecified for the feature [BACK] when no other low vowel occurs in the language, representing them invariably by the symbol /a/ . This does not mean that I assume this feature to actually be phonologically unspecified in the particular language, just that further research is needed to determine the value. On the other hand, when a language has two low unrounded vowels, as is the case in Teribe, one of them must
2
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt289 - : The most recent reconstruction of the phonological system of Proto-Chibchan is presented in ^[64]Constenla Umaña (2008). The reconstructed vowel system, which is shown in [65]Table 1, consists of five phonemes: /i/, /e/, /a/, /o/, /u/^[66]^3 . The former two are classified as front, the latter two as back, and /a/ as central. For the reasons explained in section 2.2., I leave the feature [BACK] unspecified for /a/, since it is the only low vowel. Moreover, the cited author postulates a nasal prosodeme that combined with any of the vowel phonemes, meaning that if the nasal vowels are counted as separate phonemes, Proto-Chibchan would have had a total of ten vowel phonemes.
3
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt289 - : Rama’s basic vowel inventory consists of only three qualities: /i/, /u/ and /a/ (^[76]Craig, 1986 ; ^[77]CIDCA, 1987). The vowels /e/ and /o/ are contrastive in lexical borrowings, but are not part of the native Rama system (^[78]Craig, 1986; ^[79]CIDCA, 1987). This means that the primary vowel system of this language is made up of only two distinctive features, [HIGH] and [BACK], as shown in [80]Table 3. However, it presents length as a secondary phonological feature (^[81]Craig, 1986).
4
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt289 - : The vowel system (of the still spoken Panamanian variety) is displayed in [105]Table 7. It consists of eight basic vowels: /i/, /u/, /ɪ/, /ʊ/, /ɛ/, /ɔ/, /a/, and /ɑ/ . The phoneme /a/ is classified by ^[106]Quesada (2000) as central, but must be phonologically non-back, as stated explicitly by ^[107]Portilla Chaves (1989), since it contrasts with the unrounded back vowel /ɑ/. This results in a symmetric primary phonological system, with four back and four non-back vowels, as can be seen in [108]Table 7. Five of the vowel qualities also appear with a contrastive nasal feature: /ĩ/, /ũ/, /ɛ̃/, /ɔ̃/, and /ã/.
5
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt289 - : Barí has six phonological vowel qualities, five of which are the peripheral /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, and /a/, while the last one, according to ^[145]Mogollón Pérez (2000) and ^[146]Pache (2018), is the high unrounded central vowel /ɨ/. This non-peripheral vowel is represented by the symbol /ɯ/ in [147]Table 13. It is noteworthy that this vowel quality has a very limited distribution: ^[148]Pache (2018, p . 256) states that it is only attested after low vowels in diphthongs. As a consequence, its status as a vowel phoneme rather than a glide does not seem obvious.
6
paper CO_FormayFuncióntxt166 - : VOWEL REDUCTION PHENOMENA BY COLOMBIAN SPANISH SPEAKERS OF L2 ENGLISH: AN ACOUSTIC STUDY
7
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : ^[51]Wulff (1889) identified the use of ENT#091;hENT#093; for /x/, and the pronunciation of word-final /n/ as ENT#091;ŋENT#093;. Furthermore, he described the tendency to voice voiceless consonants, as in campos ENT#091;ˈgampohENT#093; 'countrysides', to pronounce /g/ and /k/ more as fricatives than as stops, and to pronounce /ʝ/ as ENT#091;jENT#093;. ^[52]Wulff (1889) also found aspiration and lengthening of the final vowel in luz 'light', vos 'you plu. -mainly in Argentina-', voz 'voice', and dos 'two', with different vowel phenomena depending on the consonant deleted in each case: toros (toroh ) 'bulls'; abrasador (abrasao:) 'really hot'; soledad (soleá) 'loneliness'; cruz (kruh) 'cross'; espada (empa:) 'sword'; toril (tori:) 'bullpen'; pasar (pasa∙) 'to pass'. I also believe that ^[53]Wulff (1889) was the first author to identify semivoicing and semidevoicing of consonants, as he transcribed pica as (pigka) 'he/she goads -a bull-'.
8
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : 4.1.1. Vowel doubling in EAS: arguments in favour
9
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : ^[218]Alvar (1973, map 1696) studies vowel doubling before deleted word-final /s/, with western Almeria and the southern half of Granada being the areas where the phenomenon has been studied the most and where more evidence of vowel doubling has been found. ^[219]Alvar (1973), ^[220]García Marcos (1987) and ^[221]García Mouton (1992) also notice differences regarding vowel doubling: different degrees of openness in verbs and in plurals, such as in the towns that ^[222]Alvar (1973 ) identifies as Ma301 (Ronda), Ma402 (Salares), and J101 (Santa Elena); differences between men and women, as in locations J204 (Villacarrillo), Al202 (Contador), Al203 (Oria), and Al200 (Topares); differences depending on age and social background, such as in Al508 (Almeria) and Gr513 (Lujar); and towns where vowel splitting is a recent and imported phenomenon (e.g. Gr200 (Puebla de Don Fabrique)). ^[223]Alvar (1973, map 1696) shows that the most common way of distinguishing between vowel and vowel plus deleted /s/
10
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : 4.1.2. Vowel doubling in EAS: arguments against
11
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : ^[316]Alarcos Llorach (1958) and ^[317]Mondéjar Cumpián (1979) posited that what differentiates rosca 'doughnut' and roca 'rock' is not the open or closed vowel, but the alteration of the following consonant or ENT#091;hENT#093;, thus, ENT#091;'rohka/ 'rokkaENT#093; vs. ENT#091;'rokaENT#093;. ^[318]Alarcos Llorach (1958) asserted that in ENT#091;a+xENT#093;, ENT#091;e+xENT#093;, etc. x can be quantity, openness (quality), tone, etc. therefore, he does not talk about 10 different vowels in EAS, but about 2 subsystems: system /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/ and system ENT#091 ;A*ENT#093;, ENT#091;E*ENT#093;, ENT#091;I*ENT#093;, ENT#091;O*ENT#093;, ENT#091;U*ENT#093; (short and narrow vs. long and wide vowels). Thus, ^[319]Alarcos Llorach (1958) talked about system doubling, not vowel doubling. Furthermore, ^[320]Contreras Jurado (1975) considers the vowel system of EAS the same as Castilian Spanish, and ^[321]Cerdà Massó (1992) also defended the possibility of having 10 vowels split into two or more
12
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : ^[353]Corbin (2006) did not reject vowel doubling explicitly; however, ^[354]Corbin (2006, p. 27) argued that "there was no significant difference between the formants of vowels in syllables whose codas had been deleted and those in syllables whose codas had not been deleted". Likewise, ^[355]Carlson (2012) found no consistent qualitative vowel alteration following word-final /s/ deletion in speakers of Andalusian Spanish, although ^[356]Corbin (2006, p. 27) attested vowel lengthening: "It appears that the crucial factor in determining whether a vowel laxes is whether or not the coda position of the syllable in the underlying structure is filled ."
13
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : ^[391]Gerfen (2002) studied vowel and consonant lengthening, and vowel aspiration, and he concluded that there is a relationship between vowel and consonant lengthening: if the ratio of consonant lengthening grows following /s/ aspiration, the degree of vowel lengthening decreases, and vice versa . For ^[392]Gerfen (2002), gemination of the following onset consonant is a result of word-internal /s/ aspiration, not a consequence of positioning in the word; nevertheless, I believe that gemination also happens as a result of deleting other consonants, as in apto ENT#091;'ahttoENT#093; 'capable'. Furthermore, ^[393]Gerfen (2002) claimed that the duration of aspiration tends to become shorter as the voiced portion of the vowel becomes longer. ^[394]Peñalver Castillo (2006) reported something similar in Cabra, claiming that vowels are shorter when /s/ is aspirated than when it is not.
14
paper CO_Íkalatxt217 - : In his study, ^[395]Gerfen (2002, p. 265) analysed whether consonant and vowel lengthening are correlated, concluding that "the variability in vowel and consonant lengthening is constrained within a less variable vowel + stop temporal target." Furthermore, ^[396]Gerfen (2002) posited that vowels are significantly longer when /s/ is aspirated only if we consider the period of aspiration after the vowel to be part of the vowel gesture. ^[397]Gerfen concluded that consonant lengthening is a more robust cue than vowel lengthening in marking a missing /s/ in coda, being the first author to posit that:
15
paper PE_Lexistxt10 - : n área lingüística andina. Dicho autor también llama la atención hacia el hecho de que la mayoría de propiedades atribuidas a las lenguas andinas constituyen rasgos negativos: "Andean languages are predominantly suffixing case-marking languages, which have no prosodic nasality, no tone, no complex vowel systems, no nominal classifier systems (other than numeral), no gender (except for two language families), no stative-active systems and no well-developed ergativity (except in one language family and in one language)" (2004: 31 ).
16
paper UY_ALFALtxt182 - : THE RAISING OF VOWEL /a/ IN NASAL CONTEXT IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE: PRELIMINARY STUDY
Evaluando al candidato vowel:
1) lengthening: 10 (*)
3) consonant: 9 (*)
6) doubling: 7
7) gerfen: 6
8) aspiration: 6 (*)
9) phonological: 5 (*)
10) deleted: 5
13) feature: 5
14) furthermore: 4
15) unrounded: 4
16) nasal: 4 (*)
18) phonemes: 4 (*)
19) alvar: 4
vowel
Lengua: eng
Frec: 348
Docs: 56
Nombre propio: 2 / 348 = 0%
Coocurrencias con glosario: 6
Puntaje: 6.763 = (6 + (1+6.20945336562895) / (1+8.44708322620965)));
Candidato aceptado
Referencias bibliográficas encontradas sobre cada término
(Que existan referencias dedicadas a un término es también indicio de terminologicidad.)| vowel |
: 28. Paget, R. (1992). Vowel Resonances. Internacional Phonetic Association. : Acoustic-Phonetic Study of Segments Using Orthographic Sequences and : Alba, M. (2006). Accounting for variability in the production of Spanish vowel sequences. En: Selected Proceedings of the 9th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium.. Eds. Nuria Sagarra y Almeida Jaqueline Toribio. (pp. 273-285) Sommerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. : All the vowel qualities also occur with phonological nasality. Additionally, ^[149]Mogollón Pérez (2000) identifies phonetic long vowels, but considers these to be sequences of two identical vowel phonemes. : Boersma, Paul y Paola Escudero. 2004 "Learning to perceive a smaller L2 vowel inventory: an Optimality Theory account". Rutgers Optimality Archive 684. : Cabré, Teresa e Pilar Prieto. 2003. Vowel contact resolutions across word boundaries in Catalan, em M. J. Solé, D. Recasens e J. Romero (eds.), Proceedings of the XVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Barcelona, Causal Productions Pty Ltd.: 1687-1690. : Carlisle, R. (1991). The influence of environment on vowel epenthesis in Spanish/English interphonology. Applied Linguistics 12, 76-95. [118]https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/12.1.76 : Chiba, Tsutomo e Masato Kajiyama. 1941. The vowel: its nature and structure, Tokyo, Tokyo-Kaiseikan. : Chitoran, I., & Hualde, J.I. (2007). From hiatus to diphthong: The evolution of vowel sequences in Romance. Phonology, 24(1), 37-75. [122]https://doi.org/10.1017/S095267570700111X : Clements, George. 1989b . On the representation of vowel height. Ms. : Contreras, H. (1969). Vowel Fusion in Spanish. Hispania, 52(1), 60-62. : Corbin, L. C. (2006). The Phonetics and Phonology of s-Lenition and Vowel Laxing in Eastern Andalusian Spanish. Williamstown (Mass.): Williams College B.A. thesis. : Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. Vowel Reduction in Optimality Theory, New York, Routledge. : Crothers, John. 1978. Typology and universals of vowel systems. En J. H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of human language. Vol. 2: Phonology, 93-152. Stanford: Stanford University Press, : Cómo citar este artículo: Krohn, H. S. (2021). Vowel systems of the Chibchan languages. Forma y Función, 34(2). [287]https://doi.org/10.15446/fyf.v34n2.88423 : Davis, B. y Lindblom, B. (2001). Phonetic variability in baby talk and development of vowel categories. En: Emerging Cognitive Abilities in Early Infancy.. Eds., Francisco Lacerda, Claes von Hofsten y Mikael Heimann. (pp. 59-71) Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, : De Boer, B. (2001). The origins of the vowel systems. New York: Oxford University Press. : Delattre, P. (1969). An acoustic and articulatory study of vowel reduction in four languages. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 7(4), 295-325. [128]https://doi.org/10.1515/iran969.7.4.295 : Disner, Sandra F. (1984). Insights on vowel spacing. En I. Maddieson, Patterns of sounds, 136-155. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. : Duanmu, S. (2015). Contrast and Vowel Features. In Raimy, E., & Cairns, C. E. (Eds.), The Segment in Phonetics and Phonology (pp. 218-235). Wiley Blackwell. [223]https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118555491.ch10 : Eberhard, David. 2011. Pre-oralized Nasal Codas in Mamaindê. And the Oral Vowel Enhancement Proposal. (em linha) (Disponível em: [63]https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285591389_PRE-ORALIZED_NASAL_CODAS_IN_MAMAINDE_And_the_Oral_Vowel_Enhancement_Proposal). : Figure 2: EAS vowel system posited by ^[258]Alvar (1955a). : Flege, J. E., & Bohn, O.-S. (1989). An instrumental study of vowel reduction and stress placement in Spanish accented English. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 11, 35-62. : Garrido, M. (2009). Diphthongation of Non-High Vowel Sequences in Latin-American Spanish. Anne Habour: ProQuest. : Goldstein, B. A. & Pollock, K. E. (2000). Vowel errors in Spanish-speaking children with phonological disorders: A retrospective, comparative study. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 14, 217-225. : Goodin-Mayeda, C. Elizabeth. 2011. Coping with the effects of coarticulation: Spanish and Portuguese listeners’ perception of nasal vowel height. The phonetician, 103/104: 20-35. : Gómez-Lacabex, E., García-Lecumberri, M., & Cooke, M. (2005). English vowel reduction by untrained Spanish learners: Perception and production. Londres: PTLC. : Hualde, J. I., & Sanders, B. P. (1995). A New Hypothesis on the Origin of the Eastern Andalusian Vowel System. Paper presented on the Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 21, 426-437. : Hulst, Harry van der e Jeroen van de Weijer. 1995. Vowel Harmony, em J. Goldsmith (ed.). The handbook of phonological theory, Massachussets, Blackwell: 495-534. : Hundley, J. (1983). Linguistic Variation in Peruvian Spanish: Unstressed Vowel and /s (Tesis doctoral). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. : Ingram, J., & Park, S. G. (1997). Cross-language vowel perception and production by Japanese and Korean learners of English. Journal of Phonetics, 25, 343-370. : Iverson, P. & Evans, B. G. (2007). Learning English vowels with different first-language vowel systems: Perception of formant targets, formant movement, and duration. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 122(5), 2842-2854. : Jiménez, J., & Lloret, M.R. (2007). Andalusian vowel harmony: Weak triggers and perceptibility. Paper presented at the 4th Old World Conference in Phonology, Workshop on Harmony in the Languages of the Mediterranean. Rhodes, Greece. : Kaplan, A. (2012). Eastern Andalusian Vowel Harmony and Theories of Variation. Paper presented at the Phonetics and Phonology Reading Group. University of California, Santa Cruz. : Lang, C. E., & Ohala, J. J. (1996). Temporal cues for vowels and universals of vowel inventories. Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, 107-127. : Lee, Seung-Hwa. 2003. Mid Vowel Alternations in Verbal Stems in Brazilian Portuguese, Journal of Portuguese Linguistics, 2, 2: 87-100. : Liljencrants, Johan e Bjorn Lindblom. 1972. Numerical simulation of vowel quality systems: the role of perceptual contrast, Language, 48: 839-862. : Lindblom, Bjorn. 1986. Phonetic universals in vowel systems, em John Ohala e Jeri Jaeger (eds.). Experimental Phonology, Florida, Academic Press: 13-44. : Maddieson, I. (2013). Vowel Quality Inventories. In Dryer, M. S., & Haspelmath, M. (Eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [248]https://wals.info/chapter/2 : Minor, E. E. (1956). Witoto Vowel Clusters. International Journal of American Linguistics, 22, 131-137. [77]http://doi.org/10.1086/464357. : Parikh, G. y Loizou, P. C. 2005. The influency of noise on vowel and consonant cues. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, 3874-3888. : Regarding secondary features, all the vowel qualities except the two lax high vowels can present phonological nasality. However, /ã/ is marginal in the dialect spoken in and around Coroma, as it has fused with /ɔ̃/ in most words (^[102]Jara Murillo, 2018, p. 26). : Ronquest, R. (2013). An acoustic examination of unstressed vowel reduction in heritage Spanish. In C. Howe, S.E. Blackwell, & M.L. Quesada (Eds.), Selected Proceedings of the 15th Hispanic Lingusitics Symposium (pp. 157-171). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project . : Ryalls, John H. e Philip Lieberman. 1982. Fundamental frequency and vowel perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 72: 1-4. : Sanders, B. P. (1998). The eastern Andalusian vowel system: Form and structure. Rivista di Lingüística, 10(1), 109-136. : Schwartz, J. L., Boë, L. J., Vallée, N., & Abry, C. (1997). Major Trends in Vowel System Inventories. Journal of Phonetics, 25, 233-253. [274]https://doi.org/10.1006/jpho.1997.0044 : Shadle, C., Proctor, M. I., & Iskarous, K. (2008). An MRI study of the effect of vowel context on English fricatives. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 123(5), 3735-3735. [180]https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2935246 : Table 1. Reconstructed vowel system of Proto-Chibchan (^[67]Constenla Umaña, 2008) : The vowel system of Boruca consists of five vowels (/i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, and /a/) without any secondary features (^[114]Quesada Pacheco, 2019, pp. 33-34), as shown in [115]Table 8. : Tunebo has a simple system consisting of five vowel phonemes, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, and /a/ (^[142]Headland & Headland, 1976; ^[143]Headland, 1997), represented in [144]Table 12. They do not exhibit secondary features. : Vaux, Bert y Samuels, Bridget. (2015). Explaining vowel systems: dispersion theory vs natural selection. The Linguistic Review, 32 (3), 573-599. : Walker, R. (2011). Vowel patterns in language (vol. 130). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. : Wang, X. & Munro, M. J. (2004). Computer-based training for learning English vowel contrasts. System, 32(4), 539-552. : Yavas, M., & Wildermuth, R. (2006). The effects of place of articulation and vowel height in the acquisition of English aspirated stops by Spanish speakers. IRAL, 44(3), 25-263. doi: [241]https://doi.org/10.1515/IRAL.2006.011 : Zubizarreta, M. L. (1979). Vowel Harmony in Andalusian Spanish. Papers on Syllable Structure, Metrical Structure and Harmony Processes. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics, 1, 1-11. : [144]Ferreira[145], Letânia. 2008. High initial tones and plateaux in spanish and portuguese neutral declaratives: consequences to the relevance of F0, duration and vowel quality as stress correlates. Tese de Doutorado, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Inédita. : [146]Fikkert[147], Paula. 2005. From phonetic categories to phonological features specification: Acquiring the European Portuguese vowel system, Lingue e linguaggio, 4, 2: 263-280. : [166]Yavaș[167], Mehmet y Renée Wildermuth. 2006. The effects of place of articulation and vowel height in the acquisition of English aspirated stops by Spanish speakers, IRAL, 44: 251-263. : [182]Wetzels[183], Leo. 1992. Mid vowel neutralization in Brazilian Portuguese, Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos, 1, 1: 19-55. : [184]Clements, George Nick. 1989. On the representation of Vowel Height, Dissertação de Mestrado, Cornell University. Inédita. : [229]Wetzels, Leo Willem. 1992. Mid vowel neutralization in Brazilian Portuguese, Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos, 23: 19-55. |